Required distribution rules
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You can’t take it with you, and that definitely pleases the IRS. But the tax collector doesn’t want you to leave a lot of your money to heirs, either. This forces senior citizens to dip into their nest eggs each year or pay additional taxes.
When you turn 70 1/2, you must begin taking money from your tax-deferred retirement accounts, such as a traditional IRA, workplace 401(k) or self-employed retirement plans.
It’s no secret why the IRS wants you to start drawing down these accounts. Your money sat in the account for years, tantalizingly out of reach of the IRS as it accrued tax-deferred earnings.
The IRS has created tables to calculate these annual withdrawals, known variously as required minimum distributions, or RMDs, or minimum required distributions, or MRDs. Regardless of which acronym you choose (and here at Bankrate we’re going with RMD), the payouts use longevity data and are designed to ensure that most of your retirement benefits are paid to you during your lifetime.
Although RMDs are triggered once you turn 70 1/2, you get a bit of timing leeway for your first required withdrawal. You have until April 1 of the year that follows the calendar year you turn 70 1/2, which is 6 calendar months after your 70th birthday.
Why withdraw?
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You don’t care what the rules are, you don’t need the money, you don’t want to pay taxes on any withdrawals and you’re leaving your account untouched. Not a good idea.
Failure to withdraw triggers an excess-accumulation tax. This levy is 50% of the required distribution that you didn’t take. For example, you didn’t withdraw the required $1,000 from your traditional IRA. The tax charge for your defiance is $500. For a taxpayer in the 25% income tax bracket, that’s twice what you would have paid in taxes if you’d simply followed the RMD rule.
If you can convince the IRS that your distribution shortfall was due to “reasonable error” and that you’re taking steps to rectify the situation, the agency could waive the penalty. In that case, file Form 5329 (part IX), go ahead and pay the excess-accumulation tax and attach a letter of explanation. If the IRS agrees that you shouldn’t be penalized, it will refund the excess tax.
Determining your distribution
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OK, you’ve accepted that you must start siphoning off your retirement fund. Now, it’s important to find out just how much money you have to withdraw.
The IRS has created 3 tables based on life expectancies to figure the minimum withdrawal amount, which is a percentage of your IRA based on your age, and these can be found in IRS Publication 590-B.
Retirement-plan beneficiaries use the first table.
Married account owners with spouses more than 10 years younger use the 2nd table. Because its calculations incorporate the younger age of the spouse to spread withdrawals over a longer life expectancy, these account owners don’t have to take out as much.
Most account holders use Table 3, known as the uniform lifetime table. It is for singles and for married savers with spouses closer to their own ages. The IRS has revised calculations in this table to reflect today’s longer life spans. Under the new distribution guidelines, an individual with sufficient income from other sources can withdraw less from a retirement account, letting it grow for a while longer.
Withdrawal exceptions
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The IRS does allow a few instances in which you don’t have to touch your retirement money just yet.
First, if all your retirement savings are in a Roth IRA, you’re exempt from this rule. Earnings in Roth accounts are tax-free, and you can leave your money in there as long as you like.
Second, if you are still working, you can wait until you retire before you collect from your company pension or 401(k). But if you have other, nonwork-related accounts, such as an IRA other than a Roth, or if you have a workplace retirement plan from a former employer, you have to start taking money from them now.
Third, if you’ve already withdrawn the minimum required amount last year when you celebrated your 70 1/2 birthday or you did so last April 1, you will be covered for the 2015 required distribution year. You will, however, need to take your 2016 RMD amount by Dec. 31.
Other withdrawal rules
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Even if you’ve been tapping retirement accounts before you became a septuagenarian, now you must keep a close eye on exactly how much you take out. All subsequent withdrawals must meet the IRS mandatory amounts.
You can always take out more than the required amount. But that won’t affect distributions in future years. Say, for example, your required withdrawal this year is $1,500 but you take out $2,000. You can’t carry that $500 over to count against the next required distribution. But, because you’ve reduced your IRA balance, your subsequent minimum distributions will likely be lowered.
Do you have multiple retirement accounts? Then you must figure the minimum withdrawal amount for each, but you don’t necessarily have to raid them all. If you have several IRAs, you can add the separate amounts and take the total from just one. However, you do have to take required minimum distributions from each workplace account separately.
If you made any nondeductible contributions to your traditional IRA, make sure you have the paperwork to back that up. This is part of the reason that you need to file Form 8606, which tracks these amounts and establishes your cost basis in your account. Your nondeductible contributions are not taxed when you withdraw them. Rather, they are a return of your investment (i.e., your cost basis) in your IRA.
The IRS will let you take your required distribution in installments. Just make sure that these disbursements, be they monthly, quarterly or some other increment, total at least the yearly minimum amount you’re obligated to withdraw.
Spending not required
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While the IRS says you must take a specified amount of money out of your traditional IRA or other similar retirement plan, that doesn’t mean you have to spend it.
The agency is interested only in collecting some of the deferred taxes on your account. That goal is accomplished as soon as you take the distribution.
If you don’t need that money, or as much as you had to take out, to meet your living expenses, you can redeposit any or all of the distribution in another nonretirement savings account where it will keep earning interest for you. That’s OK by the IRS, since it will get its share of these taxable earnings, too.
RATE SEARCH: Find the best rates on certificates of deposit or money market accounts today at Bankrate.com. These are good places to stash any required IRA distributions you don’t want to spend right away.
And if you want to give your money to a worthy cause, you can do that, too.
For the past few years, lawmakers have allowed older IRA owners to directly transfer their RMD amounts, or as much as $100,000 annually, to a qualified charity. This meets the withdrawal requirements, but the money is not taxable because it goes straight to the charity without passing through IRA owners’ hands. That tax break became permanent in December 2015, when Congress passed the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes, or PATH, Act of 2015.
