What is a credit card?
Key takeaways
- A credit card is a useful financial tool that provides access to a line of credit that serves as a loan.
- You can use a credit card to build your credit, which is helpful for meeting future goals like homeownership.
- Debit cards are different from credit cards in that you can only access money you have in the bank, and they offer lower levels of protections than a credit card.
- Use your credit card wisely to avoid overspending and paying interest on balances accrued.
When you need to pay for groceries, cover an emergency car repair or pay your insurance bill, you might simply swipe your debit card to pull money straight from your bank account. But when you don’t have the cash, want some additional consumer protections or even just prefer to earn rewards, there’s another payment card that could help you out — a credit card.
But what is a credit card? To put it briefly, a credit card is essentially a loan that you can continue using and repaying without applying for another one.
When used wisely, a credit card can be a powerful financial tool and a key part of building credit that helps you achieve future goals — like buying a car or home. You can also use credit cards to earn rewards, like cash back or points on purchases, and to take advantage of card benefits, like interest-free intro periods or fraud protection.
When choosing a card that’s right for you, it’s helpful to understand what a credit card is and how a credit card really works, including what different card-related terms mean. Here, we break down what you need to know about that plastic payment card in your wallet.
So, what is a credit card?
Simply put, a credit card is a small revolving line of credit from an issuing bank. While it can be easy to look at credit cards as “free money,” this loan is subject to various interest rates, most notably in the form of an APR (or annual percentage rate) that’s charged to your balance if you don’t pay off your statement in full at the end of a billing cycle. It’s called “revolving credit” because you’re able to borrow as often as you’d like, up to a predetermined credit card limit, and repay the borrowed amount in installments.
Your credit limit is the maximum amount of money the card issuer will allow you to spend with the card. Issuers usually establish the limit based on your credit score, income, debts and other criteria they look at as part of the credit card application approval process.
How do credit cards work?
When you make a purchase with your credit card, one of four major payment networks (Visa, Mastercard, American Express or Discover) processes your transaction. Their role is to ensure the merchant receives money for the transaction and that your card issuer bills you for the purchase.
After you purchase goods or services with a credit card, that purchase amount is deducted from your available credit limit. On the other hand, when you make a payment on your credit card account, that payment opens up available credit to use for future purchases.
Important credit card terms
Before applying for a credit card, familiarize yourself with the type of language you’ll see associated with credit use.
Common credit card key terms
- Interest rate
- Interest is a fee that banks charge on the line of credit they extend to their customers. Interest rates vary depending on the card and credit score of the person applying for the card. Generally, you can avoid interest on purchases by paying off your statement balance by the due date of each billing cycle. Interest rates often vary among purchases, balance transfers and cash advances. Additionally, purchases are the only type of transaction that typically includes an interest-free grace period.
- Credit limit
- A credit limit is the spending limit on a credit card. For people with limited or no credit history, your initial credit limit may only be a few hundred dollars. For veteran cardholders, credit limits can be much higher — often into the thousands of dollars.
- Credit score
- A credit score is a rating that allows lenders, including card issuers, to determine your creditworthiness — or the risk they take on by approving you for a loan or credit card. Two popular scoring models, FICO and VantageScore, range from 300 to 850. The factors that determine your credit score include your payment history, length of credit history, credit utilization, new credit inquiries and types of accounts.
- Credit card balance
- A credit card balance is the amount of money you’ve spent on your credit card and owe the issuer at the end of your billing cycle.
- Statement balance
- At the end of each billing cycle, your statement lists the total amount of your purchases, payments, credits for any returns, any remaining balance from the previous month and any accrued interest or fees. The statement balance also helps determine your monthly minimum payment.
- Available credit
- When you swipe your credit card, the purchase is deducted from your overall credit limit. What’s left is your available credit, which signifies how much of your credit limit is available to spend.
Types of credit cards
Each type of credit card has different uses, and some offer specific types of rewards. The card you choose will depend on your goals, personal financial situation and how you prefer to be rewarded for your purchases.
| Type of credit card | Primary benefit |
|---|---|
| Secured credit cards | Can be used to build credit for those with limited or bad credit history |
| Student credit card | Lower application approval standards for college students to build credit early and learn to use it responsibly |
| Store credit cards | Discounts and exclusive offers at a store you frequent |
| Balance transfer credit cards | Transferring balances from other credit cards to take advantage of low APR or zero APR offers |
| Travel rewards credit cards | Earning miles or points toward future travel through your spending |
| Co-branded airline credit cards and hotel credit cards | Exclusive benefits with partnered airlines and hotels — like free upgrades, free checked luggage or early check-in |
| Cash back rewards credit cards | Earning a percentage of cash back on your spending to redeem for statement credits or a cash deposit to your checking account |
| Flexible rewards credit cards | Earning points on your purchases to redeem for travel, merchandise or cash |
What can you buy with a credit card?
Credit cards are versatile, so you can use them to buy almost anything. Dinner with a friend? Sure. Plane tickets to Thailand? Yup. Repairs on your car? Can do. As long as the merchant accepts your card, you can use it.
But just because you can doesn’t always mean you should. Rather than swiping for anything and everything, a smart credit card user makes their purchases based on their goals. Here are some examples:
- Building credit: Make small regular purchases, like a streaming service bill or gas station purchases, that you can afford to pay off on time each billing cycle to help build your credit quickly.
- Earning a welcome bonus: Make purchases that fit the card’s spending requirements and meet the deadline. As long as you can quickly pay it off, one or two large lump-sum purchases are an excellent way to quickly meet a welcome bonus requirement.
- Saving up points or miles for travel: Focus your spending on your card’s highest rewards categories. Otherwise, use the card as often as possible, but stay within your budget.
- Transferring a balance to save on interest: Transfer high-interest balances to a card with an introductory 0 percent APR, and avoid making purchases on the card until the balance is paid off. Calculate the monthly payment you’ll need to finish paying off the card before your 0 percent introductory APR period ends.
- Earning rewards on everyday purchases: Charge your essentials to your card, and pay it off in full every billing cycle — essentially treating it like you would a debit card. A flat-rate cash back card works great for this because you’ll earn rewards without having to think too much about category spending.
By using your credit card to achieve your goals rather than spending irresponsibly, you’ll be able to use your card as a powerful tool instead of it becoming a hindrance.
Pros and cons of using credit cards
Credit cards come with a lot of advantages, but there are a few drawbacks to using credit that you should keep in mind. In most cases, the negative aspects of credit cards can be avoided by practicing responsible credit habits.
If you always make your credit card payments on time, for example, you never have to worry about how a late payment can affect your credit score. By keeping your credit card purchases within your budget and paying your balances in full every month, you also won’t have to worry about going into credit card debt — which is more common than you might think. According to Bankrate’s Credit Card Debt Survey, 50 percent of credit cardholders are carrying a balance from month to month.
Here’s what to consider when weighing the benefits and drawbacks of credit cards.
Pros
- You can make purchases now, especially in the case of emergencies, and pay them off later.
- You can pay off your balance in full or pay it off over time.
- You can earn rewards on everyday expenses.
- You can take advantage of money-saving features like 0 percent intro APR offers on purchases and balance transfers.
- Credit cards are easy to use and widely accepted.
- Good credit habits can help you build a positive credit history and credit score.
- Credit cards can protect against fraud.
Cons
- Making purchases you can’t pay off can lead to credit card debt.
- Any balance not paid off in full can accrue interest that generally compounds daily.
- Learning how to maximize your card rewards takes time.
- If you don’t pay off your balance before a 0 percent intro APR offer ends, you could get stuck with high interest charges.
- Certain cards — such as Discover or American Express — might not be accepted as widely by every merchant.
- Poor credit habits can damage your credit history and lower your credit score.
- A credit card fraud investigation can take up to 90 days to complete.
Each type of credit card has different uses and some offer specific types of rewards. The card you choose will depend on your personal financial situation, goals and how you prefer to be rewarded for your purchases.
Differences between credit cards and debit cards
To understand credit versus debit, you need to know what credit cards can offer that debit cards can’t. This chart goes over some basic differences, which we break down further below:
| Debit card | Credit card | |
|---|---|---|
| Payment handling | Swiping your debit card removes the money from your linked account as soon as the payment is processed. | Swiping your credit card means your card issuer pays the merchant, and you’re on the hook for paying your card issuer back once your billing cycle ends. |
| Consumer protections | Debit cards have less protection from fraudulent activity on a federal level than credit cards. | Credit cards have stronger federal protections from fraud in place, and credit card issuers often have zero-liability policies. |
| Perks and rewards | Debit cards typically do not offer rewards on purchases or other perks like extended warranties and travel insurance. | Credit cards can earn a wide range of rewards and may offer travel benefits, purchase protections and more. |
How payments are handled
When you use a debit card, the cost of the item you’re buying is deducted — or debited — from a linked bank account. Every time you pay with a debit card, you’re actually spending cash you’ve already deposited into a bank account.
A credit card offers you the ability to buy something now and pay for it later. If you can’t pay off your credit card bill in full at the end of your billing cycle, you typically have the option to pay it off over time — with added interest, however.
Consumer protections
Both debit cards and credit cards fall under federal fraud law that limits how much you’re responsible for after fraudulent or unauthorized charges. The Fair Billing Credit Act stipulates you aren’t responsible for more than $50 as long as you report the fraudulent credit card charges within 60 days of them appearing on your statement. Going a step further, nearly all major credit cards offer $0 liability protection for a period of time.
Debit cards, on the other hand, come with liability that depends on how quickly you report a lost or stolen card. For example, if it takes more than two business days to report a missing or stolen debit card, you could be on the hook for as much as $500. This is why many financial experts recommend using credit cards over debit cards — especially when making purchases online, at gas stations or anywhere else that’s a potential fraud risk.
Rewards
While some debit cards do earn modest rewards, they are few and far between. Most debit cards don’t typically offer the additional perks you could see with credit cards, such as travel insurance, statement credit or additional purchase protections.
How much do credit cards cost?
The costs associated with a credit card depend on how you’re using it and which one you choose. The important thing to remember is that credit cards don’t provide access to “free money”; they are loan products that can come with significant expenses — especially if you don’t have a plan for paying off the balance consistently and completely.
At the most basic level, simply carrying a credit card can be “free” if you have one of the many high-quality no-annual-fee credit cards out there. Other cards charge annual fees that can range into the hundreds of dollars but usually offer perks, benefits and rewards that could make the annual fee worth it for the right consumer. Beyond the annual fee, there are additional common credit card costs to keep in mind.
Understanding the costs of credit cards
One of the best ways to understand the costs associated with a credit card you’re interested in is to read the terms and conditions document. This might also be titled “rates and fees” or “pricing and terms.” Although some of it might look intimidating, there’s a specific section you should pay close attention to that outlines the costs in plain terms. It’s called the Schumer box.
Some of the terms used may look unfamiliar if this is your first time seeing it, but here’s a quick look at the fees you’ll find there:
Credit card rate, fee and pricing key terms
- Annual percentage rate
-
More commonly called your APR, this is another name for your credit card’s interest rate. An APR represents the total cost of financing a loan, including fees associated with borrowing the money. In the case of credit card financing, there’s little difference between your APR and your interest rate. APR is often broken out into purchase, balance transfer, cash advance and intro rates.
- Purchase APR
-
This is the main APR you’ll see marketed with your card and will apply to any purchases you charge to the card.
- Balance transfer APR
-
Some credit cards allow you to transfer the balance of one card to another. The Schumer box will display the APR for this type of transaction. Some cards offer you a 0 percent APR on balance transfers for a limited time, which will also be disclosed in the Schumer box if it applies.
- Cash advance APR
-
A cash advance is when you use your credit card to withdraw cash via an ATM or bank transaction. Cash advances are usually subject to additional fees and a higher APR and often have no grace period — meaning, they accrue interest immediately. They’re best used for emergencies only.
- Annual membership fee
-
An annual fee is the yearly cost associated with certain credit cards. It’s usually charged at account opening and is billed to your account each year you keep the card open. Credit cards with an annual fee typically come with purchase rewards, a welcome offer or other benefits that could offset the cost.
- Balance transfer fee
-
This is the amount you’ll pay if you do a balance transfer to your card. It’s often expressed as a percentage of the amount transferred, typically either 3 percent or 5 percent. It may also come with a minimum charge, such as $5, if you’re transferring a small amount of debt.
- Foreign transaction fee
-
Your card issuer may charge a fee for processing transactions in a foreign country. This can apply when purchasing foreign goods online as well.
- Cash advance fee
-
Your issuer will charge you a percentage of your withdrawal when you make a cash advance.
- Late fee
-
Miss a payment and you could be charged this fee.
- Penalty APR
-
If your monthly payment is 60 days late, the interest rate on your credit account could increase. Depending on the card issuer, this could be temporary for up to six months or indefinitely.
How do credit card issuers make money?
All of those fees, charges and interests we mentioned are key ways credit card issuers make money. A 2022 report from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) — the most recent data available on the topic — found that credit card issuers charged Americans $130 billion in credit card fees and interest that year alone. However, we might see changes in this space as the CFPB moves to lower what issuers are allowed to charge for late fees.
Card issuers also collect revenue from fees they charge to merchants and stores where you swipe your card. So even if you take advantage of the grace period to avoid paying interest on your no-annual-fee card, they’re still making money — just not from you.
Who should get a credit card?
Credit cards are a useful and versatile financial tool that can benefit nearly everybody — regardless of age, income or credit history. Using a credit card is among the best ways to begin building credit. Many types of credit cards are relatively easy to obtain, which makes them a great option for young adults and college students who are ready to begin building their financial futures. There are credit cards designed to help those with a bad credit history to rebuild it or help those with no history to start building it.
For those who already have good or excellent credit, credit cards can provide several additional benefits. Cash back credit cards, for example, provide cardmembers a percentage of cash back on purchases, while the best travel rewards credit cards offer members hundreds of dollars in travel rewards and benefits.
There are credit cards designed for business owners, too. As with personal cards, business credit cards often provide rewards and cash back on purchases used to build or run a business. They offer many of the same benefits and fraud prevention features as personal cards, and you can often get additional cards for employees at no extra cost.
How to choose a credit card
You don’t have to choose the card everyone else has or the one with the most attractive benefits. To choose the best credit card for you, follow these tips to find one that fits your needs and lifestyle:
- Know your credit score. You should only apply for cards for which you have a reasonable expectation of approval. According to Bankrate’s 2024 Credit Denials Survey, 19 percent of credit card applications were denied between March 2022 and February 2024. So, if you’re just starting your credit-building journey, skip premium rewards cards and focus instead on the top cards for people with no credit.
- Analyze your spending habits. Determine what category most of your spending already falls into. If you spend most of your budget on gas and groceries, find a card with high rewards for those purchases.
- Determine your goals. How can a credit card help you? Are you using it to build your credit, earn rewards, protect yourself from fraud or transfer a balance? Focus on one or two goals that your next credit card can help you achieve.
- Review welcome bonuses. If you’re deciding between multiple credit cards, it wouldn’t hurt to earn extra rewards or a statement credit from buying what you already planned to. Just make sure you would still find the card useful after you get the welcome offer.
- Understand the card’s fee structure. A credit card may have excellent rewards, but if you know you’re going to carry a balance, the interest rate could make it costly. Costs like an annual fee could make it unaffordable or inconvenient.
- Use Bankrate’s CardMatch™ tool. When you want to find the right credit card without spending hours on research, use Bankrate’s free CardMatch™ tool to find one that fits your finances. Answer a few quick questions, and get the best matches delivered straight to you.
The bottom line
Used responsibly, a credit card can be a powerful financial tool. Once you understand the basics of how they work and how they can help build credit, you can begin exploring what various types of credit cards can offer customers.
After that, compare multiple brands and issuers to choose the best credit card to fit your budget, spending habits and financial needs. Armed with the best card for your personal situation, you’ll be on the path to building and using credit to help achieve your long-term goals.
Frequently asked questions about credit cards
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